Perspectives from recent advances of Helicobacter pylori vaccines research

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Perspectives from recent advances of Helicobacter pylori vaccines research via Helicobacter Abstract Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the main factor leading to some gastric diseases. Currently, H. pylori infection is primarily treated with antibiotics. However, with the widespread application of antibiotics, H. pylori resistance to antibiotics has also gradually increased year by year. Vaccines may be an alternative solution to clear H. pylori. Aims By reviewing the recent progress on H. pylori vaccines, we expected it to lead to more research efforts to accelerate breakthroughs in this field. Materials & Methods We searched the research on H. pylori vaccine in recent years through PubMed®, and then classified and summarized these studies. Results The study of the pathogenic mechanism of H. pylori has led to the development of vaccines using some antigens, such as urease, catalase, and heat shock protein (Hsp). Based on these antigens, whole-cell, subunit, nucleic acid, vector, and H. pylori exosome vaccines have been tested. Discussion At present, researchers have developed many types of vaccines, such as whole cell vaccines, subunit vaccines, vector vaccines, etc. However, although some of these vaccines induced protective immunity in mouse models, only a few were able to move into human trials. We propose that mRNA vaccine may play an important role in preventing or treating H. pylori infection. The current study shows that we have developed various types of vaccines based on the virulence factors of H. pylori. However, only a few vaccines have entered human clinical trials. In order to improve the efficacy of vaccines, it is necessary to enhance T-cell immunity. Conclusion We should fully understand the pathogenic mechanism of H. pylori and find its core antigen as a vaccine target. View on Web

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Ad5‐nCoV booster and Omicron variant breakthrough infection following two doses of inactivated vaccine elicit comparable antibody levels against Omicron variants

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Ad5‐nCoV booster and Omicron variant breakthrough infection following two doses of inactivated vaccine elicit comparable antibody levels against Omicron variants via Journal of Medical Virology Abstract Background Little information is available for antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern induced by Omicron breakthrough infection and a third booster with an inactivated vaccine (InV) or Ad5-nCoV in people with completion of two InV doses. Methods Plasma was collected from InV pre-vaccinated Omicron infected patients (OIPs), unvaccinated OIPs between 0-22 days, and healthy donors (HDs) 14 days or 6 months after the second doses of an InV and 14 days after a homogenous booster or heterologous booster of Ad5-nCoV. Anti-Wuhan-, Anti-Delta-, and Anti-Omicron-receptor binding domain (RBD)-IgG titers were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results InV pre-vaccinated OIPs had higher anti-Wuhan-, anti-Delta-, and anti-Omicron-RBD-IgG titers compared to unvaccinated OIPs. Anti-Wuhan-RBD-IgG titers sharply increased in InV pre-vaccinated OIPs 0-5 days post-infection (DPI), while the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of anti-Delta- and anti-Omicron-RBD-IgG were 3.3- and 12.0-fold lower. Then, the GMT of anti-Delta- and anti-Omicron-RBD-IgG increased to 35112 and 28186 during 11-22 DPI, about 2.6- and 3.2-fold lower, respectively, than the anti-Wuhan-RBD-IgG titer. The anti-Wuhan-, anti-Delta-, and anti-Omicron-RBD-IgG titers declined over time in HDs after two doses of an InV, with 25.2-, 5.6-, and 4.5-fold declination, respectively, at 6 months relative to the titers at 14 days after the second vaccination. Anti-Wuhan-, anti-Delta-, and anti-Omicron-RBD-IgG titers elicited by a heterologous Ad5-nCoV booster were significantly higher than those elicited by an InV booster, comparable to those in InV pre-vaccinated OIPs. Conclusion InV and Ad5-nCoV booster could improve humoral immunity against Omicron variants. Of these, the Ad5-nCoV booster is a better alternative. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. View on Web

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Less is More? Antibiotic Treatment Duration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ventilator-associated Pneumonia

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Less is More? Antibiotic Treatment Duration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ventilator-associated Pneumonia via Clinical Infectious Diseases Advance Access Abstract Recommended antimicrobial treatment durations for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa have evolved over the past few decades. In this Viewpoint, we provide a narrative review of landmark trials investigating antimicrobial treatment durations for VAP caused by P. aeruginosa, and appraise iterations of expert consensus guidelines based on these data. We highligh t strengths and weaknesses of existing data on this topic and provide recommendations for future avenues of study. View on Web

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Incidence of occult cleft palate on prenatal magnetic resonance images obtained for non-cleft indications

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Incidence of occult cleft palate on prenatal magnetic resonance images obtained for non-cleft indications via International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery via MedWorm.com Prenatal diagnosis of craniofacial anomalies has improved family education and preparedness. Isolated cleft palate, however, remains difficult to identify sonographically. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of incidental cleft palate identified on fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following the ultrasound detection of non-cleft abnormalities. This was a retrospective study of pregnant women who had fetal MRI performed between 2003 and 2017. To be included, the woman had to have been referred for fetal imaging for a non-cleft indication, with subsequent identification of an isolated cleft palate on MRI. (Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery) View on Web

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Control of Pre‐phonatory Glottal Shape by Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Control of Pre‐phonatory Glottal Shape by Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles via The Laryngoscope Complex interactions between intrinsic laryngeal muscles and their effects on the vocal fold pre-phonatory posture were studied. The thyroarytenoid (TA) was primarily responsible for the rectangular shape of the adducted glottis with synergistic contribution from the lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA). The cricothyroid (CT) contributed minimally to vocal fold medial shape but elongated the glottis. Objectives Surgical manipulations to treat glottic insufficiency aim to restore the physiologic pre-phonatory glottal shape. However, the physiologic pre-phonatory glottal shape as a function of interactions between all intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILMs) has not been described. Vocal fold posture and medial surface shape were investigated across concurrent activation and interactions of thyroarytenoid (TA), cricothyroid (CT), and lateral cricoarytenoid/interarytenoid (LCA/IA) muscles. Study Design In vivo canine hemilarynx model. Methods The ILMs were stimulated across combinations of four graded levels each from low-to-high activation. A total of 64 distinct medial surface postures (4 TA × 4 CT × 4 LCA/IA levels) were captured using high-speed video. Using a custom 3D interpolation algorithm, the medial surface shape was reconstructed. Results Combined activation of ILMs yielded a range of unique pre-phonatory postures. Both LCA/IA and TA activation adducted the vocal fold but with greater contribution from TA. The transition from a convergent to a rectangular glottal shape was primarily mediated by TA muscle activation but LCA/IA and TA together resulted in a smooth rectangular glottis compared to TA alone, which caused rectangular glottis with inferomedial bulging. CT activation resulted in a lengthened but slightly abducted glottis. Conclusions TA was primarily responsible for the rectangular shape of the adducted glottis with synergistic contribution from the LCA/IA. CT contributed minimally to vocal fold medial shape but elongated the glottis. These findings further refine laryngeal posture goals in surgical correction of glottic insufficiency. Level of Evidence N/A, Basic science Laryngoscope, 2022 View on Web

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Outcomes of patients who underwent treatment for anti‐HLA donor‐specific antibodies before receiving a haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplant

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Outcomes of patients who underwent treatment for anti‐HLA donor‐specific antibodies before receiving a haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplant via Pediatric Blood & Cancer Abstract Pediatric and adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients who receive many blood product transfusions, such as individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD), severe aplastic anemia (SAA) or indolent hematologic malignancies, are at high risk for developing donor-specific antibodies (DSA). DSAs with mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) greater than 5000 have been associated with significant graft failure, but lower MFI values between 2000 and 5000 may result in poor graft function after hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). Desensitization strategies have been developed to reduce the DSA burden in HCT recipients before graft infusion, but the experience with these strategies in the pediatric and AYA populations is not well described in the literature. Here, we describe our experience with successful desensitization by using a combination of treatment strategies in five pediatric and AYA patients, including a novel use of daratumumab in a young adult patient who had refractory DSAs and had s uffered serious side effects from conventional desensitization strategies. The presence of elevated DSAs in pediatric and AYA recipients of a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched haploidentical HCT can be overcome by a multipronged treatment strategy. View on Web

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Therapeutic targeting of DNA damage repair pathways guided by homologous recombination deficiency scoring in ovarian cancers

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Therapeutic targeting of DNA damage repair pathways guided by homologous recombination deficiency scoring in ovarian cancers via Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology Abstract The susceptibility of cells to DNA damage and their DNA repair ability are crucial for cancer therapy. Homologous recombination is one of the major repairing mechanisms for DNA double-strand breaks. Approximately half of ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells harbor homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). Considering that HRD is a major hallmark of OvCas, scholars proposed HRD scoring to evaluate the HRD degree and guide the choice of therapeutic strategies for OvCas. In the last decade, synthetic lethal strategy by targeting poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in HR-deficient OvCas has attracted considerable attention in view of its favorable clinical effort. We therefore suggested that the uses of other DNA damage/repair-targeted drugs in HR-deficient OvCas might also offer better clinical outcome. Here, we reviewed the current small molecule compounds which targeted DNA damage/repair pathways, and discussed the HRD scoring system to guide their clinical uses. View on Web

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