Human bocavirus 1 and 2 genotypes detected in younger Amazonian children with acute gastroenteritis or respiratory infections respectively.

Human bocavirus 1 and 2 genotypes detected in younger Amazonian children with acute gastroenteritis or respiratory infections respectively.:

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Human bocavirus 1 and 2 genotypes detected in younger Amazonian children with acute gastroenteritis or respiratory infections respectively.

Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 03;:

Authors: Azevedo Alves Leitão G, Ignácio Olivares Olivares A, Cardoso Pimenta Y, Fernandes Delgado I, Pereira Miagostovich M, Gagliardi Leite JP, de Moraes MTB

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to verify the frequency, genotypes and etiological role of Human Bocavirus (HBoV) in younger Amazonian children with either acute gastroenteritis (AGE) or respiratory infections (ARI). The influence of Rotarix™ vaccination and co-infection status was investigated.

DESIGN: HBoV quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing of both fecal and saliva (1468 samples) from 734 children <5 months old living in the Amazon (Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela). High and median HBoV viral load samples were used for extraction, nested PCR amplification and sequencing for genotyping. HBoV mRNA detection was done by reverse transcription following DNA amplification.

RESULTS: The overall HBoV frequencies were 14.2% (69/485; AGE) and 14.1% (35/249; ARI) (p =  0.83). HBoV exclusively infected 4.5% (22/485; AGE) and 4% (10/249) of the Amazonian children (Odds ratios 1.13, 95% confidence interval= 2.42-0.52). HBoV 1 was mainly detected in feces and saliva from AGE children; and HBoV2, from ARI children. HBoV mRNA was detected only in feces. The Rotarix™ vaccination status did not affect the HBoV frequencies.

CONCLUSIONS: We suggested that, after entry into the air/oral pathways, HBoV1 continues infecting towards the intestinal tract causing AGE. HBoV2 can be a causative agent of AGE and ARI in younger Amazonian children.

PMID: 32251804 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Hospital-Acquired Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in the Neonatal Unit: A Comparison with Other Inpatient Groups.

Hospital-Acquired Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in the Neonatal Unit: A Comparison with Other Inpatient Groups.:

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Hospital-Acquired Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in the Neonatal Unit: A Comparison with Other Inpatient Groups.

Neonatology. 2020 Apr 06;:1-4

Authors: Taylor C, Tan S, McClaughry R, Sharkey D

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Hospital-acquired viral respiratory tract infections (VRTIs) cause significant morbidity and mortality in neonatal patients. This includes escalation of respiratory support, increased length of hospital stay, and need for home oxygen, as well as higher healthcare costs. To date, no studies have compared population rates of VRTIs across age groups.

AIM: Quantify the rates of hospital-acquired VRTIs in our neonatal population compared with other inpatient age groups in Nottinghamshire, UK.

METHODS: We compared all hospital inpatient PCR-positive viral respiratory samples between 2007 and 2013 and calculated age-stratified rates based on population estimates.

RESULTS: From a population of 4,707,217, we identified a previously unrecognised burden of VRTI in neonatal patients, only second to the 0-1-year-old group. Although only accounting for 1.3% of the population, half of the infections were in infants <1 year old and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients. Human rhinovirus was the most dominant virus across the inpatient group, particularly in neonatal patients. Despite a two- to three-fold increase in the rate of positive samples in all groups during the colder months (1.1/1,000 October-March vs. 0.4/1,000 April-September), rates in the NICU did not change throughout the year at 4.3/1,000. Pandemic H1N1 influenza rates were 20 times higher in neonatal patients and infants <1 year old.

CONCLUSION: Good epidemiological and interventional data are needed to help inform visiting and infection control policies to reduce transmission of hospital-acquired viral infections to this vulnerable population, particularly during pandemic seasons.

PMID: 32252052 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19).

Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19).:

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Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19).

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020 Apr 02;:

Authors: Park SE

Abstract

A cluster of severe pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan City, Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019. A novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was isolated from lower respiratory tract sample as the causative agent. The current outbreak of infections with SARS-CoV-2 is termed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 rapidly spread into at least 114 countries and killed more than 4,000 people by March 11 2020. WHO officially declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020. There have been two novel coronavirus outbreaks in the past two decades. The 2002-2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002-2003 caused by SARS-CoV had a case fatality rate of around 10% (8,098 confirmed cases and 774 death), while Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) caused by MERS-CoV killed 861 people out of a total 2,502 confirmed cases between 2012 and 2019. The purpose of this review is to summarize known-to-date information about SARS-CoV-2, transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and clinical features.

PMID: 32252141 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Role of cinnamon oil against acetaminophen overdose induced neurological aberrations through brain stress and cytokine upregulation in rat brain.

Role of cinnamon oil against acetaminophen overdose induced neurological aberrations through brain stress and cytokine upregulation in rat brain.:

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Role of cinnamon oil against acetaminophen overdose induced neurological aberrations through brain stress and cytokine upregulation in rat brain.

Drug Chem Toxicol. 2020 Apr 05;:1-8

Authors: Ashafaq M, Hussain S, Alshahrani S, Madkhali O, Siddiqui R, Khuwaja G, Alam MI, Islam F

Abstract

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a well-known antipyretic and analgesic medicine. It is safe at therapeutic suggested level while overdose initiates oxidative stress and inflammation mediated neurochemical alteration in the brain. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cinnamon oil (CO), which possesses potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities against an overdose of APAP that induced oxidative stress and inflammation in male albino rats. APAP treated rats showed significant elevation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and decreased level of GSH in brain tissue, which is recognized as a biomarker of oxidative stress. Antioxidant enzymes GPx, GR, SOD, and CAT activity was depleted in APAP group along with neurotoxicity biomarkers such as Na+-K+-ATPase and increased activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine was observed. CO significantly protected the diminished activity of the antioxidant enzyme and suppressed the upregulated cytokines in brain tissue. CO also attenuated the activity of neurotoxicity biomarker enzyme, decreased TBARS content, and an increased level of GSH. The present findings perceptibly confirmed that the nutraceutical property of CO ameliorates APAP induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Therefore, our findings suggested that CO could be an alternative nutraceutical substitute in APAP overdose poisoning.

PMID: 32249599 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

The pro-convulsant effects of diazinon low dose in male rats under amygdala kindling.

The pro-convulsant effects of diazinon low dose in male rats under amygdala kindling.:

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The pro-convulsant effects of diazinon low dose in male rats under amygdala kindling.

Drug Chem Toxicol. 2020 Apr 05;:1-8

Authors: Saberi F, Bahrami F, Saberi M, Mashhadi Akbar Boojar M

Abstract

Organophosphates can damage the brain in systemic intoxication. In this study, the effects of a minimum toxic dose (MTD) of diazinon (DZ) on amygdala afterdischarge threshold (ADT), kindling acquisition and kindled seizure parameters were evaluated. Intact male rats were stereotactically implanted with a tripolar and two monopolar electrodes in the amygdala and dura respectively. After recovery, animals received daily either, olive oil (control), 15 or 30 mg/kg (MTD) of DZ intraperitoneally, and ADT, afterdischarge duration (ADD) at each stage (S1 to S5) of kindling and number of trials for kindling acquisition were determined daily. Also, the effect of DZ on stage 4 latency (S4L), ADD, stage 5 duration (S5D) and the activity of the red blood cholinesterase (ChE) were evaluated. The ADT was lower and the ADD was longer significantly in DZ treated group in comparison to control (p < 0.01) and the number of trials to reach each stage of kindling acquisition was reduced (p < 0.001). The total amount of ADDs during the kindling procedure increased significantly 5 days after DZ treatment. While the S4L was reduced, the S5D increased significantly after DZ treatment. The ChE activity was inhibited significantly after 20 min of DZ treatment and continued till 24 h (p < 0.01). Data indicate that even half of the MTD of DZ could increase the sensitivity and excitability of the CNS to the epileptic activity at least via reduction of stimulation threshold and AD prolongation. Furthermore, repeated exposure to the low concentrations of organophosphates may be pro-convulsant and should be restricted.

PMID: 32249606 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Drugs frequently involved in inducing hypersensitivity reactions.

Drugs frequently involved in inducing hypersensitivity reactions.:

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Drugs frequently involved in inducing hypersensitivity reactions.

Drug Chem Toxicol. 2020 Apr 05;:1-8

Authors: Dragostin I, Dragostin OM, Lisă EL, Stefan SC, Zamfir AS, Diaconu C, Zamfir CL

Abstract

Adverse drug reactions represent a major public health problem, both from an economic point of view and, mainly, from the point of view of the induced pathology (iatrogenic diseases), being difficult to differentiate from other pathological conditions or even from the treated disease. Thus, these aspects prevent the use of the first-choice drugs needed for a particular treatment, in different therapeutic classes: beta-lactam antibiotics; sulfonamides; macrolide antibiotics; quinolones; non-steroidal anti-inflammatories; corticosteroids; Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors; general anesthetics; biological drugs; antiepileptic drugs etc. On the other hand, adverse drug reactions represent a major problem for both clinical practice and preclinical research, in order to develop new drugs. Hypersensitivity reactions mainly refer to the adverse effects that can be harmful, disturbing, and sometimes fatal, that appear under the conditions of a normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmune reactions, both triggered by an immunological-allergic mechanism. The main purpose of this paper is to review the main classes of drugs involved in inducing hypersensitivity reactions.

PMID: 32249608 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Cholinergic agonists inhibit proliferation of human fibroblast-like synoviocytes and monocytic cell lines and reduce VEGF and MMPs expression by these cells.

Cholinergic agonists inhibit proliferation of human fibroblast-like synoviocytes and monocytic cell lines and reduce VEGF and MMPs expression by these cells.:

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Cholinergic agonists inhibit proliferation of human fibroblast-like synoviocytes and monocytic cell lines and reduce VEGF and MMPs expression by these cells.

Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2020 Apr 05;:1-9

Authors: Arshadi D, Shakiba Y, Rajabian A, Nikbin B, Mousavi SH, Boroushaki MT

Abstract

Background and purpose: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and joint destruction. Excessive proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and over-expression of angiogenic factors play a crucial role in pannus formation and joint destruction in RA. Clarification of the role of cholinergic agonists in modulation of inflammation and immune system reactions is progressively ongoing. In this study, the anti-angiogenic effect of two cholinergic agonists, nicotine and ARR17779, on human FLS, and monocytic cell lines (U937) was evaluated.Experimental approach: The cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and treated with different doses of nicotine and ARR17779 in the presence of TNF-α, LPS, and IFN-γ. After 48 h, cell number was counted in different groups. After RNA extraction, cDNA was synthesized and the expression of VEGF and MMPs has been evaluated by real-time PCR using specific primers and probes. VEGF was assayed in U937 cell line supernatant using ELISA method.Key results: Both nicotine and ARR17779 inhibited FLS and U937 cell proliferation. Cholinergic agonists reduced the expression of MMPs and VEGF. VEGF level in supernatant of U937 cells treated with cholinergic agonists was also reduced.Conclusion and implications: Our results suggest that cholinergic agonists can modulate pathological conditions related to pannus formation in in-vitro conditions. Based on these results, cholinergic agonists can be considered as novel therapeutic options in RA. Further animal studies are needed before introducing these agents into clinical uses.

PMID: 32248717 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]