Smartphone coupled with paper-based chemical sensor for on-site determination of iron(III) in environmental and biological samples

Smartphone coupled with paper-based chemical sensor for on-site determination of iron(III) in environmental and biological samples:

Abstract

We report a smartphone–paper-based sensor impregnated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide modified silver nanoparticles (AgNPs/CTAB) for determination of Fe³⁺ in water and blood plasma samples. The methodology for determination of Fe³⁺ is based on the change in signal intensity of AgNPs/CTAB fabricated on a paper substrate after the deposition of analyte, using a smartphone followed by processing with ImageJ software. The mechanism of sensing for detection and determination of Fe³⁺ is based on the discoloration of AgNPs which impregnated the paper substrate. The discoloration is attributed to the electron transfer reaction taking place on the surface of NPs in the presence of CTAB. Fe³⁺ was determined when the paper was impregnated with 1 mM AgNPs for 5 min of reaction time and the substrate was kept under acidic conditions. The linear range for determination of total iron in terms of Fe³⁺ was 50–900 μg L⁻¹ with a limit of determination (LOD) of 20 μg L⁻¹ and coefficient of variation (CV) of 3.2%. The good relative recovery of 91.3–95.0% and interference studies showed the selectivity of the method for determination of total iron in water and blood plasma samples. Smartphone–paper-based sensors have advantages of simplicity, rapidity, user-friendliness, low cost, and miniaturization of the method for on-site determination of total iron compared to methods that require sophisticated analytical instruments.



Graphical abstract

Smartphone–paper-based sensor with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide modified silver nanoparticles for determination of Fe³⁺ in water and blood plasma samples.