The need to rapidly develop a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 comes at a time of explosion in basic scientific understanding, including in areas such as genomics and structural biology, that is supporting a new era in vaccine development. Over the past decade, the scientific community and the vaccine…
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
To rapidly communicate short reports of innovative responses to Covid-19 around the world, along with a range of current thinking on policy and strategy relevant to the pandemic, the Journal has initiated the Covid-19 Notes series. Lombardy, and particularly the province of Bergamo, has been the…
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
More and more, we are seeing the effects of climate change up close in the form of large-scale, destructive flooding, rising sea levels, fires, storms, and prolonged and disabling heat, as well as agricultural and other economic disruptions. The Covid-19 pandemic is a taste of the level of global…
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in humans is associated with a broad spectrum of clinical respiratory syndromes, ranging from mild upper airway symptoms to progressive life-threatening viral pneumonia. Clinically, patients with severe coronavirus disease…
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
Abstract Purpose Outcomes for patients with recurrent high-grade glioma (HGG) progressing on bevacizumab (BEV) are dismal. Fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (FSRS) has been shown to be feasible and safe when delivered in this setting, but prospective evidence is lacking. This single-institution randomized trial compared FSRS plus BEV-based chemotherapy versus BEV-based chemotherapy alone for BEV-resistant recurrent malignant glioma....
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Abstract Introduction Glioblastomas (GBMs) usually occur as a solitary lesion; however, about 0.5–35% present with multiple lesions (M-GBM). The genetic landscape of GBMs have been thoroughly investigated; nevertheless, differences between M-GBM and single-foci GBM (S-GBM) remains unclear. The present study aimed to determine differences in clinical and molecular characteristics between M-GBM and S-GBM. ...
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
An 8-year-old boy presented with subcutaneous nodules associated with a 1-week history of fever 2 months after starting treatment for relapsing B-cell leukemia. He had had pancytopenia for 57 days, and laboratory studies showed a hemoglobin level of 7.5 g per deciliter (reference range, 11.5 to…
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
A 37-year-old man with hemophilia type A presented to the orthopedic clinic with progressive difficulty walking. He had a history of inadequate factor VIII replacement therapy and had had malunion of a traumatic fracture of the left femoral shaft that had been managed without surgery 10 years…
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
Plastids and mitochondria have their own small genomes which do not undergo meiotic recombination and may have evolutionary fate different from each other and nuclear genome, thus highlighting interesting phenomena in plant evolution. We for the first time sequenced mitochondrial genomes of pea (Pisum L.), in 38 accessions mostly representing diverse wild germplasm from all over pea geographical range. Six structural types of pea mitochondrial genome were revealed. From the same accessions, plastid...
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
Model-based approaches to species delimitation are constrained both by computational capacities as well as by algorithmic assumptions that are frequently violated when applied to biologically complex systems. An alternate approach, demonstrated herein, employs machine learning (=ML) approaches from which species limits are derived without an explicit definition of an underlying species model. By doing so, we demonstrate the capacity of these approaches to designate phylogenomically and biologically...
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
Phytoplankton populations are intrinsically large and genetically variable, and interactions between species in these populations shape their physiological and evolutionary responses. Yet, evolutionary responses of microbial organisms in novel environments are investigated almost exclusively through the lens of species colonising new environments on their own, and invasion studies are often of short duration. Although exceptions exist, neither type of study usually measures ecologically relevant...
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
Over time, populations of species can expand, contract, and become isolated, creating subpopulations that can adapt to local conditions. Understanding how species adapt following these changes is of great interest, especially as the current climate crisis has caused range shifts for many species. Here, we characterize how Drosophila innubila came to inhabit and adapt to its current range: mountain forests in southwestern USA separated by large expanses of desert. Using population genomic data from...
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
Assays used to evaluate the transmission-blocking activity of antimalarial drugs are largely focused on their potential to inhibit or reduce the infectivity of gametocytes, the blood stages of the parasite that are responsible for the onward transmission to the mosquito vector. For this purpose, the drug is administered concomitantly with the gametocyte-infected blood, and the results are evaluated as the % reduction in the number of oocysts in the mosquito midgut. We report the results of a series...
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
Pollinators are widely invoked to explain the evolution of selfing despite genetic conditions favoring outcrossing. But their role in maintaining outcrossing despite genetic conditions favoring selfing remains unexplored. We use consumer-resource models to explicitly consider the how the plant-pollinator mutualism can constrain the evolution of selfing. We model outcrossing as a function of attractiveness and account for the cost of attractiveness as a saturating, linear, or exponential function...
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
Abstract Vestibular perceptual thresholds measure vestibular sensory and perceptual noise by quantifying how small of a passive self-motion an individual is able to reliably perceive. Vestibular thresholds have clinical and operational relevance, as they are elevated in vestibular migraine patients, and even healthy individuals with higher (i.e., worse) thresholds have degraded balance. Vestibular thresholds have been quantified across a range of frequencies (motion durations)...
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Presentation of Case. Dr. Justine V. Cohen: A 47-year-old woman with malignant melanoma was seen in the pulmonary clinic of this hospital because of new abnormal findings on chest imaging. The patient had observed routine quarterly surveillance imaging after resection of right axillary melanoma,…
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
We all forget things, and sometimes it would be better if we did not. Normal forgetting occurs more frequently as we age, but more serious, progressive, retrograde forgetting, which can have severe, life-threatening consequences, occurs in patients with Alzheimer’s disease or other dementias. Most…
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
On December 31, 2019, China reported a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown cause that would later be identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Patients with the illness, called coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), frequently present with fever, cough, and…
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the novel coronavirus first detected in Wuhan, China, that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Since initial detection of the virus, more than 400,000 cases of Covid-19 have been confirmed worldwide, with the first reported…
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
The 21st century has seen a global resurgence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). From a nadir in the 1990s, the rates of gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia infections have increased substantially in high-income countries, with particular increases among men who have sex with men (MSM).…
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
To the Editor: Aerosols and droplets generated during speech have been implicated in the person-to-person transmission of viruses, and there is current interest in understanding the mechanisms responsible for the spread of Covid-19 by these means. The act of speaking generates oral fluid droplets…
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
To the Editor: In Brazil, 2585 cases of yellow fever have been reported in the past 2 years. In the state of São Paulo, practitioners referred patients with severe infections to Hospital das Clínicas. Here, we describe a case series of late-onset relapsing hepatitis (a new inflammation of the liver…
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
Future Oncology, Ahead of Print.
Thu May 21, 2020 09:25
Future Oncology, Ahead of Print.
Thu May 21, 2020 09:15
Queuosine (Q) is a conserved tRNA modification in bacteria and eukaryotes. Eukaryotic Q-tRNA modification occurs through replacing the guanine base with the scavenged metabolite queuine at the wobble position of tRNAs with G34U35N36 anticodon (Tyr, His, Asn, Asp) by the QTRT1/QTRT2 heterodimeric enzyme encoded in the genome. In humans, Q-modification in tRNATyr and tRNAAsp are further glycosylated with galactose and mannose, respectively. Although galactosyl-Q (galQ) and mannosyl-Q (manQ) can be...
Thu May 21, 2020 20:20
We reported previously that, in budding yeast, transcription rate affects both the efficiency and fidelity of pre-mRNA splicing, especially of ribosomal protein transcripts. Here, we report that the majority of ribosomal protein transcripts with non-consensus 5’ splice sites are spliced less efficiently when transcription is faster, and more efficiently with slower transcription. These results support the "window of opportunity" model, and we suggest a possible mechanism to explain these findings.
Thu May 21, 2020 17:59
Peripheral artery disease is prevalent, affecting more than 200 million persons worldwide. As a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis, it is associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and death from cardiovascular causes, and because of its presence in arteries of the…
Thu May 21, 2020 03:00
Quantitative traits are important targets of both natural and artificial selection. The genetic architecture of these traits and its change during the adaptive process is thus of fundamental interest. The fate of the additive effects of variants underlying a trait receives particular attention because they constitute the genetic variation component that is transferred from parents to offspring and thus governs the response to selection. While estimation of this component of phenotypic variation is...
Thu May 21, 2020 23:24
Perioperative stroke is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Stroke recognition and diagnosis are challenging perioperatively, and surgical patients receive therapeutic interventions less frequently compared with stroke patients in the outpatient setting. These updated guidelines from the Society for Neuroscience in Anesthesiology and Critical Care provide evidence-based recommendations regarding perioperative care of patients at high risk for stroke. Recommended areas for future...
Tue May 19, 2020 03:00
Background: Systemic hyperthermia is common after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and may induce secondary brain injury, although the pathophysiology is not fully understood. In this study, our aim was to determine the incidence and temporal course of hyperthermia after TBI and its relation to intracranial pressure dynamics, cerebral metabolism, and clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 115 TBI patients. Data from systemic physiology (body temperature,...
Tue May 19, 2020 03:00
Purpose: Due to their high tumor specificity and immunogenicity, neoantigens have been considered as ultimate targets for cancer immunotherapy. Neoantigen-based vaccines have demonstrated promising efficacy for several cancer types. To further investigate the anti-tumor potentials for other types of solid tumors, we designed a peptide-based neoantigen vaccine, iNeo-Vac-P01, and conducted a single-arm, open-labeled, investigator-initiated clinical trial (NCT03662815). Experimental Design: Personalized...
Thu May 21, 2020 16:23
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