The Sniffin’ Sticks Test

Adaptation of the Sniffin’ Sticks Test in South-Kivu:



Publication date: Available online 7 February 2020

Source: European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases

Author(s): P. Balungwe, C. Huart, R. Matanda, G. Bisimwa, A. Mouraux, P. Rombaux

Abstract

Aim

The “Sniffin’ Sticks” test is widely used in Europe as a standard test to assess olfaction. Several culturally-adapted versions have been developed. However, no version adapted to Sub-Saharan African populations exists. The aims of the present study were (1) to assess the applicability of the Sniffin’ Sticks test in the population of South Kivu (DR Congo), and (2) to develop a culturally adapted version with normative values.

Materials and methods

In a first study, 157 volunteers were tested with the original Sniffin’ Sticks test. Based on these results, we selected odors that were poorly recognized in the identification test and replaced them by culturally adapted odors. In a second study, we assessed the modified version of the Sniffin’ Sticks test in 150 volunteers and defined normative values.

Results

In the first study, we found that olfactory function (threshold-discrimination-identification: TDI score) significantly decreased with age and was better in females. Five odors were poorly recognized and were replaced by culturally adapted odors. In the second study, we found that this adapted version led to a higher rate of correctly identified odors. We defined normative values for the South-Kivu population (TDI score: 18–35 years: 30.4 ± 6.0; 36–55 years: 26.2 ± 5.3; > 55 years: 25.6 ± 5.0).

Conclusion

This culturally adapted version of the Sniffin’ Sticks test is culturally adapted to the South Kivu population. The normative values will provide the basis for clinical evaluation of pathologic subjects.