Biomechanics of Breast Support for Active Women More systematic breast biomechanics research and better translation of the research outcomes are necessary to provide information upon which to design better sports bras and to develop effective evidence-based strategies to alleviate exercise-induced breast pain for women who want to participate in physical activity in comfort.

Exercise and GLUT4 The glucose transporter GLUT4 is critical for skeletal muscle glucose uptake in response to insulin and muscle contraction/exercise. Exercise increases GLUT4 translocation to the sarcolemma and t-tubule and, over the longer term, total GLUT4 protein content. Here, we review key aspects of GLUT4 biology in relation to exercise, with a focus on exercise-induced GLUT4 translocation, postexercise metabolism and muscle insulin sensitivity, and exercise effects on GLUT4 expression.

Plasma Lactate as a Marker for Metabolic Health Blood lactate concentrations traditionally have been used as an index of exercise intensity or clinical hyperlactatemia. However, more recent data suggest that fasting plasma lactate can also be indicative of the risk for subsequent metabolic disease. The hypothesis presented is that fasting blood lactate accumulation reflects impaired mitochondrial substrate use, which in turn influences metabolic disease risk.

Synergy between Acute Intermittent Hypoxia and Task-Specific Training Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) and task-specific training (TST) synergistically improve motor function after spinal cord injury; however, mechanisms underlying this synergistic relation are unknown. We propose a hypothetical working model of neural network and cellular elements to explain AIH-TST synergy. Our goal is to forecast experiments necessary to advance our understanding and optimize the neurotherapeutic potential of AIH-TST.

l-Citrulline Supports Vascular and Muscular Benefits of Exercise Training in Older Adults Age-associated reduction in endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases and sarcopenia. l-Citrulline is a precursor of NO with the ability to improve vascular function and muscle protein synthesis. We hypothesize that vascular and muscular benefits associated with oral l-citrulline supplementation might be augmented by concomitant supplementation with exercise training in older adults.

The Central Role of Osteocytes in the Four Adaptive Pathways of Bone’s Mechanostat We review evidence supporting an updated mechanostat model in bone that highlights the central role of osteocytes within bone's four mechanoadaptive pathways: 1) formation modeling and 2) targeted remodeling, which occur with heightened mechanical loading, 3) resorption modeling, and 4) disuse-mediated remodeling, which occur with disuse. These four pathways regulate whole-bone stiffness in response to changing mechanical demands.