The allergic eye: recommendations about pharmacotherapy and recent therapeutic agents Purpose of review Ocular allergies affect an estimated 40% of the population, 98% of which are because of allergic conjunctivitis. With the current advent of both repurposed drugs for ocular allergies, as well as novel drugs and methods of administration, there is a need for an updated review of current available medications. A clear characterization of each treatment will ultimately allow treating physicians to restore patients’ quality of life and decrease burden of disease. Recent findings Currently, there are a number of reformulated antihistamines, with cetrizine being the most recent ophthalmic solution available. Nevertheless, there is ongoing research in the field of immunotherapy, steroids, flavonoids, cannabis, and drug-delivery systems. Summary Although dual-activity agents remain the keystone for treatment, newer drugs and drug-delivery systems offer other novel directions for delivering appropriate relief with minimal adverse effects. Correspondence to Leonard Bielory, MD, Medicine and Ophthalmology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, 400 Mountain Avenue, Springfield, NJ 07081, USA. Tel: +1 973 912 9817; e-mail: drlbielory@gmail.com This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

The economics of drug allergy Purpose of review As drug allergy research aims to inform clinical practice, implementation of best practices may be influenced by financial resources required to incorporate new interventions and the resulting clinical and economic returns on those resource investments. The present review summarizes new insights into the economics of drug allergy over the past year. Recent findings While considering economic implications of recent drug allergy research, many studies have addressed different contextual factors related to the setting, provider, or outcomes. Advances in technology have enabled specialized allergists to support remote settings through telemedicine consultation. Training opportunities and interdisciplinary approaches to address drug allergy challenges have enabled multiple provider types to play a role in screening, diagnosis, and management. Penicillin allergy testing has been a major focus for many institutions, with several studies focused on de-labeling strategies including confirmatory skin testing and direct oral challenges. Summary Studies over the past year provide new opportunities for the field of drug allergy research. The focus of current research to capture direct health costs or savings associated with drug allergy interventions demonstrates opportunity for more cost-effective care delivery and opportunity to explore greater benefits to society. Correspondence to T. Joseph Mattingly II, 220 Arch Street, 12th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Tel: +1 410 706 8068; fax: +1 410 706 4725; e-mail: jmattingly@rx.umaryland.edu Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

The show must go on: an update on clinical experiences and clinical studies on novel pharmaceutical developments for the treatment of atopic dermatitis Purpose of review This review reports on published clinical studies (full publications) with novel therapeutic agents on the treatment of atopic dermatitis with a focus on the last 2 years. Recent findings Atopic dermatitis is a T-cell driven complex inflammatory skin disease. The secretion of cytokines involving not only particularly Th2 but also Th17 and Th22 cell subsets provides a broad spectrum of potential therapeutical targets. A couple of studies on atopic dermatitis with new therapeutical antibodies that target not only the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-13, IL- 31 but also additional targets, such as TSLP, IL-22 or IL-33, and innovative small molecules binding to the histamine-4 receptor, the phosphodiesterase-4, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or downstream molecules like Janus kinases have recently been published with promising results on symptoms and signs of atopic dermatitis. Summary Applications of newly developed drugs in clinical studies or already in daily practice show a substantial progress in the treatment of moderately to severely affected patients with atopic dermatitis not responsive to standard topical treatments with corticosteroids or topical calcineurin inhibitors alone. Moreover, novel treatment approaches generate new knowledge about (anti)inflammatory effects of immune modulations in atopic dermatitis and the heterogeneity of patient subgroups, which may stimulate further innovations in this field. Correspondence to Dr Tatjana Honstein, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany. Tel +49 511 532 5054; e-mail: Honstein.tatjana@mh-hannover.de Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Omalizumab and other biologics in drug desensitization Purpose of review Omalizumab has been proposed for controlling adverse reactions during drug desensitization. Our aim is to know the current evidence involving the use of omalizumab in drug-allergy desensitization. Recent findings Drug-allergy desensitization is not risk free, but it is a useful procedure and has been applied for drug hypersensitivity reactions with mast cells degranulation through IgE and non-IgE mechanisms. Since 2007, omalizumab has been considered as a potential strategy to prevent adverse reactions. Our review found few case reports and only one randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study, using different omalizumab regimens prior to drug desensitization. This scarce evidence is insufficient to predict the effectiveness of omalizumab in rapid drug desensitization procedures, but it may be useful in future studies of omalizumab or related next-generation antibodies. Summary Omalizumab or other IgE-targeting biologics, either a fixed dose of 300 mg omalizumab or a dose-related total IgE level and body mass weight may be an option for patients with IgE-mediated or mast cell drug reactions in troublesome desensitization. Correspondence to Javier Fernandez, Allergy Section, General Alicante University Hospital, ISABIAL-UMH, 12th Pintor Baeza Avenue, 03010 Alicante, Spain. Tel: +34 965919449/+34 619663019; e-mail: fj.fernandez@umh.es,fernandez_jav@gva.es Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

The role of eosinophils in immunotherapy: Retraction No abstract available