Δευτέρα 20 Απριλίου 2020

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COVID-19 pandemic in India: challenges and silver linings
India faces multiple major challenges on the COVID-19 front. It is densely populated: 464 people/km2 compared with Italy’s 206, Spain’s 91, Iran’s 52 and the USA’s 36. It has a huge population: 1380 million (USA 330 million, Iran 83 million, Italy 60 million, Spain 46 million). Social distancing without total shutdowns is unthinkable, especially in the big cities with crowded streets, trains, buses and offices. Cough hygiene is largely absent. Hand hygiene is equally suspect. The latest data from...
Postgraduate Medical Journal Online First
4d
Association between pulse pressure and ischaemic stroke in elderly patients with hypertension
BackgroundThe association between pulse pressure (PP) and the risk of first ischaemic stroke (IS) is inconsistent. Therefore, we evaluated the association between PP and the risk of first IS among elderly hypertensive population in China.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study. Patients with hypertension and aged ≥60 years were recruited. Multivariate Cox regression was performed to evaluate the association between PP and the risk of IS. We further stratified the regression models into subgroups...
Postgraduate Medical Journal Online First
4d
Distinguishing between statistical and clinical significance in a meta-analysis of acupuncture for obesity: avoiding miscommunication of study findings
I was interested to read the abstract of a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, published in the Postgraduate Medical Journal, which concluded: "The review suggests that acupuncture is an effective therapy for simple obesity rather than a placebo effect. This potential benefit needs to be further evaluated by longer-term and more rigorous RCTs".1 Whilst I must commend the authors for attempting to progress our understanding of potential therapies for the treatment of obesity in adults, I have...
Postgraduate Medical Journal Online First
4d
Hypothermia induced by quetiapine
An 89-year-old woman was brought to the emergency department, responding only to pain (GCS 6), with a rectal temperature of 28.5°C, hypotension (68/40), bradycardia (35/min) and bradypnoea. The remainder of the examination was unremarkable.She was living at home with her son and a caretaker, confined to bed/wheelchair with a history of Alzheimer’s dementia, falls, hypothyroidism (on replacement), hypertension and chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) (on amlodipine 5 mg four times a day, propranolol 10...
Postgraduate Medical Journal Online First
4d
Shortcomings in Indias first national attempt at universal healthcare through publicly funded health insurance
Until Ayushman Bharat, India’s biggest experiment with public health insurance was the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY), literally translated from Hindi as ‘National Health Insurance Program’. Until its launch in 2008, nothing of this magnitude had been attempted. Ayushman Bharat is widely considered a large-scale upgrade of RSBY. The Government of India, on its official website, india.gov.in, the National Portal of India, has had the humility to publicly admit to the failure of past efforts...
Postgraduate Medical Journal Online First
4d
Personalised yoga for burnout and traumatic stress in junior doctors
ObjectivesJunior doctors are frequently exposed to occupational and traumatic stress, sometimes with tragic consequences. Mindfulness-based and fitness interventions are increasingly used to mitigate this, but have not been compared.We conducted a randomised, controlled pilot trial to assess the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of these interventions in junior doctors.MethodsWe randomised participants (n=21) to weekly 1-hour sessions of personalised, trauma-informed yoga (n=10), with...
Postgraduate Medical Journal Online First
4d
Hypoxia-inducible factors: new strategies for treatment of obesity-induced metabolic diseases
Adipose tissue inflammation has been proposed as a critical link between obesity and metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In obese adipose tissue, macrophages and other immune cells are accumulated, triggering chronic inflammation. Elevated proinflammatory immune cells not only dysregulate adipose tissue function but also subsequently elicit systemic inflammation through the production of inflammatory mediators. Particularly, inflammatory cytokines from adipose...
Postgraduate Medical Journal Online First
4d
Editorial Board [Masthead]
Infection and Immunity
12h
Chlamydia trachomatis Oligopeptide Transporter Performs Dual Functions of Oligopeptide Transport and Peptidoglycan Recycling [Molecular Pathogenesis]
Peptidoglycan, the sugar-amino acid polymer that composes the bacterial cell wall, requires a significant expenditure of energy to synthesize and is highly immunogenic. To minimize the loss of an energetically expensive metabolite and avoid host detection, bacteria often recycle their peptidoglycan, transporting its components back into the cytoplasm, where they can be used for subsequent rounds of new synthesis. The peptidoglycan-recycling substrate binding protein (SBP) MppA, which is responsible...
Infection and Immunity
12h
De Novo Purine Biosynthesis Is Required for Intracellular Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and for the Hypervirulence Phenotype of a purR Mutant [Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions]
Staphylococcus aureus is a noted human and animal pathogen. Despite decades of research on this important bacterium, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the pathogenic mechanisms it uses to infect the mammalian host. This can be attributed to it possessing a plethora of virulence factors and complex virulence factor and metabolic regulation. PurR, the purine biosynthesis regulator, was recently also shown to regulate virulence factors in S. aureus, and mutations in purR result in...
Infection and Immunity
12h
The Paralogous Transcription Factors Stp1 and Stp2 of Candida albicans Have Distinct Functions in Nutrient Acquisition and Host Interaction [Molecular Pathogenesis]
Nutrient acquisition is a central challenge for all organisms. For the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, utilization of amino acids has been shown to be critical for survival, immune evasion, and escape, while the importance of catabolism of host-derived proteins and peptides in vivo is less well understood. Stp1 and Stp2 are paralogous transcription factors (TFs) regulated by the Ssy1-Ptr3-Ssy5 (SPS) amino acid sensing system and have been proposed to have distinct, if uncertain, roles in protein...
Infection and Immunity
12h
LuxS/AI-2 Quorum Sensing System in Edwardsiella piscicida Promotes Biofilm Formation and Pathogenicity [Bacterial Infections]
LuxS/AI-2 is an important quorum sensing system which affects the growth, biofilm formation, virulence, and metabolism of bacteria. LuxS is encoded by the luxS gene, but how this gene is associated with a diverse array of physiological activities in Edwardsiella piscicida (E. piscicida) is not known. Here, we constructed an luxS gene mutant strain, the luxS strain, to identify how LuxS/AI-2 affects pathogenicity. The results showed that LuxS was not found in the luxS gene mutant strain, and this...
Infection and Immunity
12h
Early Endothelial Activation Precedes Glycocalyx Degradation and Microvascular Dysfunction in Experimentally Induced Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Infection [Host Response and Inflammation]
Endothelial activation and microvascular dysfunction are key pathogenic processes in severe malaria. We evaluated the early role of these processes in experimentally induced Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infection. Participants were enrolled in induced blood-stage malaria clinical trials. Plasma osteoprotegerin, angiopoietin-2, and von Willebrand Factor (vWF) levels were measured as biomarkers of endothelial activation. Microvascular function was assessed using peripheral arterial tonometry...
Infection and Immunity
12h
The Factor H-Binding Site of CspZ as a Protective Target against Multistrain, Tick-Transmitted Lyme Disease [Microbial Immunity and Vaccines]
The spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is the causative agent of Lyme disease (LD). The spirochetes produce the CspZ protein that binds to a complement regulator, factor H (FH). Such binding downregulates activation of host complement to facilitate spirochete evasion of complement killing. However, vaccination with CspZ does not protect against LD infection. In this study, we demonstrated that immunization with CspZ-YA, a CspZ mutant protein with no FH-binding activity, protected mice from...
Infection and Immunity
12h
Generation and Evaluation of a Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis Capsular Mutant [Bacterial Infections]
Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis is a commensal bacterium of the upper respiratory tract in pigs and also the causative agent of Glässer’s disease, which causes significant morbidity and mortality in pigs worldwide. Isolates are characterized into 15 serovars by their capsular polysaccharide, which has shown a correlation with isolate pathogenicity. To investigate the role the capsule plays in G. parasuis virulence and host interaction, a capsule mutant of the serovar 5 strain HS069 was generated...
Infection and Immunity
12h
Towards Innovative Design and Application of Recombinant Eimeria as a Vaccine Vector [Minireviews]
Efficient delivery of antigenic cargo to trigger protective immune responses is critical to the success of vaccination. Genetically engineered microorganisms, including virus, bacteria, and protozoa, can be modified to carry and deliver heterologous antigens to the host immune system. The biological vectors can induce a broad range of immune responses and enhance heterologous antigen-specific immunological outcomes. The protozoan genus Eimeria is widespread in domestic animals, causing serious coccidiosis....
Infection and Immunity
12h
Immune Profile of the Nasal Mucosa in Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis [Fungal and Parasitic Infections]
Localized skin lesions are characteristic of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL); however, Leishmania (Viannia) species, which are responsible for most CL cases in the Americas, can spread systemically, sometimes resulting in mucosal disease. Detection of Leishmania has been documented in healthy mucosal tissues (conjunctiva, tonsils, and nasal mucosa) and healthy skin of CL patients and in individuals with asymptomatic infection in areas of endemicity of L. (V.) panamensis and L. (V.) braziliensis transmission....
Infection and Immunity
12h
Fluorescence-Reported Allelic Exchange Mutagenesis-Mediated Gene Deletion Indicates a Requirement for Chlamydia trachomatis Tarp during In Vivo Infectivity and Reveals a Specific Role for the C Terminus during Cellular Invasion [Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions]
The translocated actin recruiting phosphoprotein (Tarp) is a multidomain type III secreted effector used by Chlamydia trachomatis. In aggregate, existing data suggest a role of this effector in initiating new infections. As new genetic tools began to emerge to study chlamydial genes in vivo, we speculated as to what degree Tarp function contributes to Chlamydia’s ability to parasitize mammalian host cells. To address this question, we generated a complete tarP deletion mutant using the fluorescence-reported...
Infection and Immunity
12h
The Legionella pneumophila Metaeffector Lpg2505 (MesI) Regulates SidI-Mediated Translation Inhibition and Novel Glycosyl Hydrolase Activity [Molecular Pathogenesis]
Legionella pneumophila, the etiological agent of Legionnaires’ disease, employs an arsenal of hundreds of Dot/Icm-translocated effector proteins to facilitate replication within eukaryotic phagocytes. Several effectors, called metaeffectors, function to regulate the activity of other Dot/Icm-translocated effectors during infection. The metaeffector Lpg2505 is essential for L. pneumophila intracellular replication only when its cognate effector, SidI, is present. SidI is a cytotoxic effector that...
Infection and Immunity
12h
Staphylococcus aureus Fibronectin Binding Protein A Mediates Biofilm Development and Infection [Bacterial Infections]
Implanted medical device-associated infections pose significant health risks, as they are often the result of bacterial biofilm formation. Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of biofilm-associated infections which persist due to mechanisms of device surface adhesion, biofilm accumulation, and reprogramming of host innate immune responses. We found that the S. aureus fibronectin binding protein A (FnBPA) is required for normal biofilm development in mammalian serum and that the SaeRS two-component...
Infection and Immunity
12h
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the rectum in a patient with Crohns disease
A 62-year-old man presented to our institute with diarrhoea and dysuria on a background of subtotal colectomy and end ileostomy and biological therapy for Crohn’s disease. He was diagnosed with urinary tract infection and acute kidney injury (AKI). Renal ultrasound suggested left hydronephrosis, with renal protocol computed tomography (CT) showing a large pelvic mass. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis demonstrated a rectal tumour invading the bladder and compressing both ureters. He...
BMJ Case Reports Last 6 Issues
3d
Crohns disease associated adenocarcinoma of ileocaecal region: a miscalculated approach
Adenocarcinoma of the bowel is a dreadful sequelae of inflammatory bowel disease that can be difficult to diagnose and has been shown to have poor prognosis. The diagnosis is often made on histopathological examination of the resected specimen for what is suspected to be an exacerbation of the underlying intestinal Crohn’s. A 39-year-old woman who was being treated for small bowel Crohn’s disease for 4 years presented with features of intermittent intestinal obstruction that was refractory to medical...
BMJ Case Reports Last 6 Issues
3d
Coccidioides in lung transplant: case report
A middle-aged woman was hospitalised for generalised, painful skin lesions 6 weeks after a successful double-lung transplant. She had end-stage lung disease associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and she had been treated with itraconazole for 16 months because of lung infection associated with Malbranchea spp. Results of a skin biopsy of the initial lesion on her arm showed non-specific dermal inflammation, presumably due to reactivation of the...
BMJ Case Reports Last 6 Issues
3d
Nail hyperpigmentation in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushings disease) and its resolution after successful trans-sphenoidal excision
BMJ Case Reports Last 6 Issues
3d
Mesalamine-induced eosinophilic pleural effusion
A 45-year-old woman with a medical history of ulcerative colitis (UC) presented with difficulty in breathing. The patient was diagnosed with UC a month prior to presentation and was started on mesalamine suppository. Chest x-ray (CXR) on presentation showed bilateral pleural effusion, which was confirmed on CT angiogram of the chest. Diagnostic and therapeutic thoracentesis was performed and 0.7 L of pleural fluid was removed from the left side. The pleural fluid analysis was consistent with exudative...
BMJ Case Reports Last 6 Issues
3d
Posthypoxic action myoclonus (the Lance-Adams syndrome)
BMJ Case Reports Last 6 Issues
3d
Endoscopy-assisted removal of angle foreign body presenting as persistent localised corneal oedema
A 20-year-old man presented to us with injury to the left eye by a glass bulb 3 weeks ago. The acute injury resolved with a peculiar residual localised corneal oedema in the inferior one-third of the cornea . This localised oedema in absence of any evidence of a localised visible injury to the cornea indicated towards a possible retained foreign body. The foreign body visibility was equivocal on gonioscopy. Subsequently via a limbal incision, an endoscope was introduced into the anterior chamber....
BMJ Case Reports Last 6 Issues
3d
A Point Mutation in carR Is Involved in the Emergence of Polymyxin B-Sensitive Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Biotype by Influencing Gene Transcription [Bacterial Infections]
Antimicrobial peptides play an important role in host defense against Vibrio cholerae. Generally, the V. cholerae O1 classical biotype is polymyxin B (PB) sensitive and El Tor is relatively resistant. Detection of classical biotype traits like the production of classical cholera toxin and PB sensitivity in El Tor strains has been reported in recent years, including in the devastating Yemen cholera outbreak during 2016-2018. To investigate the factor(s) responsible for the shift in the trend of sensitivity...
Infection and Immunity
12h
Identification and Characterization of Staphylococcus delphini Internalization Pathway in Nonprofessional Phagocytic Cells [Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions]
The intracellular lifestyle of bacteria is widely acknowledged to be an important mechanism in chronic and recurring infection. Among the Staphylococcus genus, only Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius have been clearly identified as intracellular in nonprofessional phagocytic cells (NPPCs), for which the mechanism is mainly fibronectin-binding dependent. Here, we used bioinformatics tools to search for possible new fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBP-like) in other Staphylococcus...
Infection and Immunity
12h
Induction of Protective Antiplague Immune Responses by Self-Adjuvanting Bionanoparticles Derived from Engineered Yersinia pestis [Microbial Immunity and Vaccines]
A Yersinia pestis mutant synthesizing an adjuvant form of lipid A (monophosphoryl lipid A, MPLA) displayed increased biogenesis of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). To enhance the immunogenicity of the OMVs, we constructed an Asd-based balanced-lethal host-vector system that oversynthesized the LcrV antigen of Y. pestis, raised the amounts of LcrV enclosed in OMVs by the type II secretion system, and eliminated harmful factors like plasminogen activator (Pla) and murine toxin from the OMVs....
Infection and Immunity
12h
Differential Response of the Chicken Trachea to Chronic Infection with Virulent Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strain Ap3AS and Vaxsafe MG (Strain ts-304): a Transcriptional Profile [Host Response and Inflammation]
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is the primary etiological agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Live attenuated vaccines are most commonly used in the field to control the disease, but current vaccines have some limitations. Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-304) is a new vaccine candidate that is efficacious at a lower dose than the current commercial vaccine strain ts-11, from which it is derived. In this study, the transcriptional profiles of the trachea of unvaccinated chickens and chickens vaccinated...
Infection and Immunity
12h
B Cells Inhibit CD4+ T Cell-Mediated Immunity to Brucella Infection in a Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II-Dependent Manner [Microbial Immunity and Vaccines]
Brucella spp. are facultative intracellular bacteria notorious for their ability to induce a chronic, and often lifelong, infection known as brucellosis. To date, no licensed vaccine exists for prevention of human disease, and mechanisms underlying chronic illness and immune evasion remain elusive. We and others have observed that B cell-deficient mice challenged with Brucella display reduced bacterial burden following infection, but the underlying mechanism has not been clearly defined. Here, we...
Infection and Immunity
12h
GABARAPL2 Is Critical for Growth Restriction of Toxoplasma gondii in HeLa Cells Treated with Gamma Interferon [Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions]
Gamma interferon (IFN-)-induced innate immune responses play important roles in the inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii infection. It has been reported that IFN- stimulates non-acidification-dependent growth restriction of T. gondii in HeLa cells, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we found that -aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-associated protein-like 2 (GABARAPL2) plays a critical role in parasite restriction in IFN--treated HeLa cells. GABARAPL2 is recruited to membrane structures surrounding...
Infection and Immunity
12h
Distinct Contributions of CD18 Integrins for Binding and Phagocytic Internalization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa [Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions]
Phagocytosis is the key mechanism for host control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a motile Gram-negative, opportunistic bacterial pathogen which frequently undergoes adaptation and selection for traits that are advantageous for survival. One such clinically relevant adaptation is the loss of bacterial motility, observed within chronic infections, that is associated with increased antibiotic tolerance and phagocytic resistance. Previous studies using phagocytes from a leukocyte adhesion deficiency type...
Infection and Immunity
12h
Porphyromonas gingivalis Cell Wall Components Induce Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Expression on Human Oral Carcinoma Cells by a Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 2 (RIP2)-Dependent Mechanism [Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions]
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1/B7-H1) serves as a cosignaling molecule in cell-mediated immune responses and contributes to chronicity of inflammation and the escape of tumor cells from immunosurveillance. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms leading to PD-L1 upregulation in human oral carcinoma cells and in primary human gingival keratinocytes in response to infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a keystone pathogen for the development of periodontitis. The bacterial...
Infection and Immunity
12h
Putative {beta}-Barrel Outer Membrane Proteins of the Bovine Digital Dermatitis-Associated Treponemes: Identification, Functional Characterization, and Immunogenicity [Microbial Immunity and Vaccines]
Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD), an infectious disease of the bovine foot with a predominant treponemal etiology, is a leading cause of lameness in dairy and beef herds worldwide. BDD is poorly responsive to antimicrobial therapy and exhibits a relapsing clinical course; an effective vaccine is therefore urgently sought. Using a reverse vaccinology approach, the present study surveyed the genomes of the three BDD-associated Treponema phylogroups for putative β-barrel outer membrane proteins and considered...
Infection and Immunity
12h
Weiterhin keine Evidenz für Drainagen in der Bariatrie
Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Registerdaten zeigen, dass eine Drainageneinlage im Rahmen bariatrischer Operationen immer noch gängige Praxis in vielen chirurgischen Abteilungen ist. Retrospektive Studien und eine Übersichtsarbeit konnten zeigen, dass die routinemäßige Einlage einer Drainage im Rahmen bariatrischer Operationen nutzlos und potenziell auch gefährdend ist. In der Literatur konnte aufgrund fehlender randomisierter kontrollierter...
Latest Results for Der Chirurg
13h
Fortbildung von Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgen in der lebensrettenden Notfallchirurgie
Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Die geringe Anzahl operativ zu versorgender Körperhöhlenverletzungen erfordert ein Umdenken in der chirurgischen Aus- und Weiterbildung. Ein entsprechendes Kursformat wird seit 2014 über die DGAV angeboten. Um Berechtigung, Bedarf, Nutzen und Erfolg eines solchen Kursformates zu erheben, erfolgte eine Evaluation durch die bisherigen Kursteilnehmer. ...
Latest Results for Der Chirurg
13h
Heroes of the COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic has accounted for tens of thousands of deaths and ultimately will affect millions more people who will survive. There will be time to mourn the victims and care for the survivors. But it is also time to recognize and thank some of the heroes who have emerged so far.
JAMA Online First
13h

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