Δευτέρα 23 Μαρτίου 2020


TRIM32 Drives Pathogenesis in Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome and Streptococcus suis Meningitis by Regulating Innate Immune Responses [Host Response and Inflammation]
Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic agent that causes streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) and meningitis in humans, with high mortality and morbidity. The pathogenesis of both STSLS and central nervous system (CNS) infections caused by S. suis is not well understood. TRIM32, a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family, has been reported to regulate host inflammatory responses. In this study, we showed that TRIM32 deficiency significantly reduced the level of bacteremia...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Matrix Metalloproteinases Expressed in Response to Bacterial Vaginosis Disrupt the Endocervical Epithelium, Increasing Transmigration of HIV [Host Response and Inflammation]
Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a disorder of the female reproductive tract (FRT) in which a healthy Lactobacillus-dominant microflora is replaced by BV-associated bacteria (BVAB), can significantly increase the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition. Discerning the effect of BV on the mucosal epithelium of the FRT may yield novel preventatives and therapeutics for HIV infection. Here, we investigated barrier dysfunction of the endocervix by host-derived factors, secreted in response...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Transforming Growth Factor {beta} Signaling Pathways Cooperate To Mediate Chlamydia Pathogenesis [Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions]
Human genital Chlamydia infection is a major public health concern due to the serious reproductive system complications. Chlamydia binds several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) on host cells, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and activates cellular signaling cascades for host invasion, cytoskeletal remodeling, optimal inclusion development, and induction of pathogenic epithelial-mesenchyme transition (EMT). Chlamydia also upregulates transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) expression,...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Human IgM Inhibits the Formation of Titan-Like Cells in Cryptococcus neoformans [Fungal and Parasitic Infections]
Human studies have shown associations between cryptococcal meningitis and reduced IgM memory B cell levels, and studies in IgM- and/or B cell-deficient mice have demonstrated increased Cryptococcus neoformans dissemination from lungs to brain. Since immunoglobulins are part of the immune milieu that C. neoformans confronts in a human host, and its ability to form titan cells is an important virulence mechanism, we determined the effect of human immunoglobulins on C. neoformans titan cell formation...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Glycine Lipids of Porphyromonas gingivalis Are Agonists for Toll-Like Receptor 2 [Host Response and Inflammation]
The serine-glycine dipeptide lipid classes, including lipid 430 and lipid 654, are produced by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and can be detected in lipid extracts of diseased periodontal tissues and teeth of humans. Both serine-glycine lipid classes were previously shown to engage human and mouse Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and to inhibit mouse osteoblast differentiation and function through engagement of TLR2. It is not clear if other lipids related to serine-glycine lipids are...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue [Spotlight]
Infection and Immunity
13h
Induction of Effective Immunity against Trypanosoma cruzi [Microbial Immunity and Vaccines]
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major public health issue. Limitations in immune responses to natural T. cruzi infection usually result in parasite persistence with significant complications. A safe, effective, and reliable vaccine would reduce the threat of T. cruzi infections; however, no suitable vaccine is currently available due to a lack of understanding of the requirements for induction of fully protective immunity. We established a T. cruzi strain expressing green fluorescent...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Atypical Salmonella enterica Serovars in Murine and Human Macrophage Infection Models [Bacterial Infections]
Nontyphoidal Salmonella species are globally disseminated pathogens and are the predominant cause of gastroenteritis. The pathogenesis of salmonellosis has been extensively studied using in vivo murine models and cell lines, typically challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Although S. enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium are responsible for most of the human infections reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), several other serovars also contribute...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Infection Causes Host Immunomodulation through Induction of Thymic Atrophy [Bacterial Infections]
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important bacterial pathogen of swine and is also an emerging zoonotic agent that may be harmful to human health. Although the virulence genes of S. suis have been extensively studied, the mechanisms by which they damage the central immune organs have rarely been studied. In the current work, we wanted to uncover more details about the impact and mechanisms of S. suis on specific populations of thymic and immune cells in infected mice. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Impact of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria on Immune Activation and Clostridioides difficile Infection in the Mouse Intestine [Bacterial Infections]
Antibiotic treatment of patients undergoing complex medical treatments can deplete commensal bacterial strains from the intestinal microbiota, thereby reducing colonization resistance against a wide range of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Loss of colonization resistance can lead to marked expansion of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli in the intestinal lumen, predisposing patients to bloodstream invasion and sepsis. The impact of intestinal...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Editorial Board [Masthead]
Infection and Immunity
13h
The Blood Stage Antigen RBP2-P1 of Plasmodium vivax Binds Reticulocytes and Is a Target of Naturally Acquired Immunity [Fungal and Parasitic Infections]
The interactions between Plasmodium parasites and human erythrocytes are prime targets of blood stage malaria vaccine development. The reticulocyte binding protein 2-P1 (RBP2-P1) of Plasmodium vivax, a member of the reticulocyte binding protein family, has recently been shown to be highly antigenic in several settings endemic for malaria. Yet, its functional characteristics and the relevance of its antibody response in human malaria have not been examined. In this study, the potential function of...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Bread Feeding Is a Robust and More Physiological Enteropathogen Administration Method Compared to Oral Gavage [Bacterial Infections]
Oral administration is a preferred model for studying infection by bacterial enteropathogens such as Yersinia spp. In the mouse model, the most frequent method for oral infection consists of oral gavage with a feeding needle directly introduced in the animal stomach via the esophagus. In this study, we compared needle gavage to bread feeding as an alternative mode of bacterial administration. Using bioluminescence-expressing strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica, we detected...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Immunopathogenesis of Progressive Scarring Trachoma: Results of a 4-Year Longitudinal Study in Tanzanian Children [Host Response and Inflammation]
Trachoma is initiated during childhood following repeated conjunctival infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, which causes a chronic inflammatory response in some individuals that leads to scarring and in-turning of the eyelids in later life. There is currently no treatment to halt the progression of scarring trachoma due to an incomplete understanding of disease pathogenesis. A cohort study was performed in northern Tanzania in 616 children aged 6 to 10 years at enrollment. Every 3 months for 4 years,...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Interaction of Brucella abortus with Osteoclasts: a Step toward Understanding Osteoarticular Brucellosis and Vaccine Safety [Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions]
Osteoarticular disease is a frequent complication of human brucellosis. Vaccination remains a critical component of brucellosis control, but there are currently no vaccines for use in humans, and no in vitro models for assessing the safety of candidate vaccines in reference to the development of bone lesions currently exist. While the effect of Brucella infection on osteoblasts has been extensively evaluated, little is known about the consequences of osteoclast infection. Murine bone marrow-derived...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Suppression of Staphylococcus aureus Superantigen-Independent Interferon Gamma Response by a Probiotic Polysaccharide [Host Response and Inflammation]
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that causes a variety of diseases. Bloodstream infection is the most severe, with mortality rates reaching 20 to 50%. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) from the probiotic Bacillus subtilis reduces bacterial burden and inflammation during S. aureus bloodstream infection in mice. Protection is due, in part, to hybrid macrophages that restrict S. aureus growth through reactive oxygen species and to limiting superantigen-induced T cell activation...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Cooperativity between Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa during Polymicrobial Airway Infections [Host-Associated Microbial Communities]
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a Gram-negative bacterium found ubiquitously in the environment that has historically been regarded as nonpathogenic. S. maltophilia is increasingly observed in patient sputa in cystic fibrosis (CF), and while existing epidemiology indicates that patients with S. maltophilia have poorer diagnoses, its clinical significance remains unclear. Moreover, as multidrug resistance is common among S. maltophilia isolates, treatment options for these infections may be limited....
Infection and Immunity
13h
Nasal Delivery of a Commensal Pasteurellaceae Species Inhibits Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Colonization and Delays Onset of Otitis Media in Mice [Bacterial Infections]
Nasopharyngeal colonization with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a prerequisite for developing NTHi-associated infections, including otitis media. Therapies that block NTHi colonization may prevent disease development. We previously demonstrated that Haemophilus haemolyticus, a closely related human commensal, can inhibit NTHi colonization and infection of human respiratory epithelium in vitro. We have now assessed whether Muribacter muris (a rodent commensal from the same family) can...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Polymorphisms within the ARNT2 and CX3CR1 Genes Are Associated with the Risk of Developing Invasive Aspergillosis [Fungal and Parasitic Infections]
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a life-threatening infection that affects an increasing number of patients undergoing chemotherapy or allo-transplantation, and recent studies have shown that genetic factors contribute to disease susceptibility. In this two-stage, population-based, case-control study, we evaluated whether 7 potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the ARNT2 and CX3CR1 genes influence the risk of IA in high-risk hematological patients. We genotyped selected...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Cutaneous Immunoprofiles of Three Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia Cases [Host Response and Inflammation]
Spotted fever group rickettsia (SFGR) can cause mild to fatal illness. The early interaction between the host and rickettsia in skin is largely unknown, and the pathogenesis of severe rickettsiosis remains an important topic. A surveillance of SFGR infection by PCR of blood and skin biopsy specimens followed by sequencing and immunohistochemical (IHC) detection was performed on patients with a recent tick bite between 2013 and 2016. Humoral and cutaneous immunoprofiles were evaluated in different...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Gastrointestinal Coinfection Promotes Chlamydial Pathogenicity in the Genital Tract [Host Response and Inflammation]
Sexually transmitted Chlamydia, which can cause fibrotic pathology in women’s genital tracts, is also frequently detected in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the medical significance of the gastrointestinal Chlamydia remains unclear. A murine Chlamydia readily spreads from the mouse genital tract to the gastrointestinal tract while inducing oviduct fibrotic blockage or hydrosalpinx. We previously proposed a two-hit model in which the mouse gastrointestinal Chlamydia might induce the second hit...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Strain-Dependent Effect of Capsule on Transmission and Persistence in an Infant Mouse Model of Group A Streptococcus Infection [Bacterial Infections]
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus [GAS]) is a human pathogen responsible for a wide range of diseases. Asymptomatic carriage of GAS in the human pharynx is commonplace and a potential reservoir for GAS transmission. Early studies showed that GAS transmission correlated with high bacterial burdens during the acute symptomatic phase of the disease. Human studies and the nonhuman primate model are generally impractical for investigation of the bacterial mechanisms contributing to GAS transmission...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Broadly Protective Multivalent OspA Vaccine against Lyme Borreliosis, Developed Based on Surface Shaping of the C-Terminal Fragment [Microbial Immunity and Vaccines]
The development of vaccines for prevention of diseases caused by pathogenic species can encounter major obstacles if high sequence diversity is observed between individual strains. Therefore, development might be restricted either to conserved antigens, which are often rare, or to multivalent vaccines, which renders the production more costly and cumbersome. In light of this complexity, we applied a structure-based surface shaping approach for the development of a Lyme borreliosis (LB) vaccine suitable...
Infection and Immunity
13h
The Dynll1-Cox4i1 Complex Regulates Intracellular Pathogen Clearance via Release of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species [Host Response and Inflammation]
Cellular membrane proteins are a critical part of the host defense mechanisms against infection and intracellular survival of Listeria monocytogenes. The complex spatiotemporal regulation of bacterial infection by various membrane proteins has been challenging to study. Here, using mass spectrometry analyses, we depicted the dynamic expression landscape of membrane proteins upon L. monocytogenes infection in dendritic cells. We showed that Dynein light chain 1 (Dynll1) formed a persistent complex...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Inhibition of tRNA Synthetases Induces Persistence in Chlamydia [Molecular Pathogenesis]
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections, and Chlamydia pneumoniae causes community-acquired respiratory infections. In vivo, the host immune system will release gamma interferon (IFN-) to combat infection. IFN- activates human cells to produce the tryptophan (Trp)-catabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Consequently, there is a reduction in cytosolic Trp in IFN--activated host cells. In evolving to obligate intracellular dependence, Chlamydia...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Peripheral Merozoite Surface Proteins Are Targets of Naturally Acquired Immunity against Malaria in both India and Ghana [Fungal and Parasitic Infections]
Development of a successful blood-stage vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a high priority. Immune-epidemiological studies are effective tools for the identification of antigenic targets of naturally acquired immunity (NAI) against malaria. However, differences in study design and methodology may compromise interstudy comparisons. Here, we assessed antibody responses against intact merozoites and a panel of 24 recombinant merozoite antigens in longitudinal cohort studies of Ghanaian...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Neisseria meningitidis Induces Pathology-Associated Cellular and Molecular Changes in Trigeminal Schwann Cells [Bacterial Infections]
Neisseria meningitidis, a common cause of sepsis and bacterial meningitis, infects the meninges and central nervous system (CNS), primarily via paracellular traversal across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. N. meningitidis is often present asymptomatically in the nasopharynx, and the nerves extending between the nasal cavity and the brain constitute an alternative route by which the meningococci may reach the CNS. To date, the cellular mechanisms involved in nerve...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Stepping Up to the Plate(let) against Candida albicans [Host Response and Inflammation]
Candida albicans is a pervasive commensal fungus that is the most common pathogen responsible for invasive fungal infection (IFI). With incidence of IFI on the rise due to increasing susceptible populations, it is imperative that we investigate how Candida albicans interacts with blood components. When stimulating either human or mouse whole blood with thrombin, we saw a significant decrease in C. albicans survival. We then repeated Candida killing assays with thrombin-stimulated or unstimulated...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Structural and Biomolecular Analyses of Borrelia burgdorferi BmpD Reveal a Substrate-Binding Protein of an ABC-Type Nucleoside Transporter Family [Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions]
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agent of tick-borne Lyme borreliosis (LB), has a limited metabolic capacity and needs to acquire nutrients, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleic acids, from the host environment. Using X-ray crystallography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, microscale thermophoresis, and cellular localization studies, we show that basic membrane protein D (BmpD) is a periplasmic substrate-binding protein of an ABC transporter system binding to purine...
Infection and Immunity
13h
Primary Aortogastric Fistula Caused by Ulcerated Gastric Carcinoma: A Rare Cause of Sudden Death
Publication date: Available online 22 March 2020Source: The Journal of Emergency MedicineAuthor(s): Minfang Li, Yaqing Li, Qinghua Zhu, Guang Xiong, Sheng Chen
ScienceDirect Publication: The Journal of Emergency Medicine
14h
Ethics Committee Reviews of Research Applications in China for COVID-19
This study examines the applications for research in China using the ethical guidance criteria established by the World Health Organization
JAMA Online First
14h
Social Media and Emergency Preparedness for the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic
This Viewpoint discusses the ways social media can be used as a critical tool in managing the COVID-19 outbreak, such as by directing users to trusted sources and counteracting misinformation, and how it can transform aspects of preparedness and response for the future.
JAMA Online First
14h
Conserving Supply of Personal Protective Equipment—A Call for Ideas
The editors of JAMA recognize the challenges, concerns, and frustration about the shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) that is affecting the care of patients and safety of health care workers in the US and around the world. We seek creative immediate solutions for how to maximize the use of PPE, to conserve the supply of PPE, and to identify new sources of PPE. We are interested in suggestions, recommendations, and potential actions from individuals who have relevant experience, especially...
JAMA Online First
14h
Modified Postauricular Incision for Preservation of the Lesser Occipital Nerve and the Great Auricular Nerve in Ear Surgery
Objective: To describe the feasibility of preserving the lesser occipital nerve (LON) and the great auricular nerve (GAN) in postauricular incision in ear surgery. Methods: The distribution of the LON and the GAN was first identified in human cadavers. Then a clinical study was performed in 34 patients who underwent middle ear surgery between September 2016 and January 2017. Patients were divided into the conventional incision group and the modified incision group, according to incision types, and...
ORL : Last 20 articles
14h
Concurrent Occurrence of Congenital Ossicular Anomaly and Localized Cholesteatoma: Series of 10 Cases
Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the clinical features, managements and outcomes of a rare coexistence of congenital ossicular anomaly and localized cholesteatoma. A literature review on these cases and each congenital disorder is also presented. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on patients diagnosed with congenital ossicular anomaly with concurrent localized cholesteatoma from 2008 to 2017. Clinical data of these patients were collected. Results: A total of...
ORL : Last 20 articles
22h
Regulatory interplay between small RNAs and transcription termination factor Rho
Publication date: Available online 23 March 2020Source: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory MechanismsAuthor(s): Lionello Bossi, Nara Figueroa-Bossi, Philippe Bouloc, Marc Boudvillain
ScienceDirect Publication: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
14h
The role of maternal infection in preterm birth: evidence from the Brazilian Multicentre Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP)
OBJECTIVES: Evidence suggests that infection or inflammation is a major contributor to early spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the development and causes of maternal infection associated with maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with sPTB. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of a multicenter cross-sectional study with a nested case–control component, the Brazilian Multicentre Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP), conducted from April 2011 to July 2012 in...
Clinics
14h
Choledochal cysts in children: How to Diagnose and Operate on
OBJECTIVE: To identify the best mode for diagnosing and treating the patients with choledochal cysts. METHODS: A retrospective study 

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