Τρίτη 31 Μαρτίου 2020


Evaluation of the anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects of Leucaena leucocephala and Dolichandrone serrulata ethanolic extracts against human cervical cancer cell line
Ratikorn Chatchanayuenyong, Patcharawan SujayanontPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):1-7 Background: Cervical cancer is a leading cause of death affecting women in developing country. Several medicinal plants have recently increasing in the involvement of chemotherapeutic drugs development, including Leucaena leucocephala (LL) and Dolichandrone serrulata (DS). Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-proliferative and anti-migration effects of LL leaves and D. serrulata flowers...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Antiurolithic evaluation of Cucurbita pepo seeds extract against sodium oxalate-induced renal calculi
Aisha Shehzad, Uzma Saleem, Muhammad Ajmal Shah, Celia Vargas-de la Cruz, Abdul Haleem Khan, Bashir AhmadPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):174-180 Background: Renal calculi, a painful kidney stone disease has worldwide health hazard. Cucurbita pepo is used for the management of lower urinary tract disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and micturition difficulty. Objective: The present study was investigated to resolve the antiurolithic potential of methanol extract of C. pepo (MECP) seed against...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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A unified method for different placental products species identification
Tien-Lin Chang, Shang-Fang Wu, Der-Yuan Wang, Chih-Hung HuangPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):8-12 Background: Placentas are widely used in the production of cosmetics, Chinese medicines, and injections. As the esthetic medicine market grows, challenges such as impure preparations and an increasing number of counterfeit products develop, owing to the lack of standard inspection methods and accurate description of the composition of these products. Objectives: To develop a universal species identification...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Wild- edible plants of Meghalaya State in India: Nutritional, minerals, antinutritional, vitamin content and toxicity studies
Tapan Seal, Kausik Chaudhuri, Basundhara Pillai, Shrabana Chakrabarti, Biswajit Auddy, Tanmoy MondalPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):142-151 Aim: The point of the present investigation planned to assess the nutritive value, minerals content, vitamin content, antinutritional properties, and toxicity studies in five wild-consumable plants, for example, Begonia hatacoa, Embelia floribunda, Artemisia vulgaris, Cardamine hirsuta, and Plantago major, devoured by the distinctive innate individuals of...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Immunomodulatory effect of Kaempferia parviflora against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in Swiss albino mice
Akoijam Ranjita Devi, Bibu John Kariyil, N Mini Raj, GH Akhil, Dhanush Krishna Balakrishnan-NairPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):13-21 Background: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker (Black ginger) is an important medicinal plant used as a health-promoting tonic i.e., both a stimulant and a vitalizing agent in Thailand. Research findings are available on its aphrodisiac and anti-inflammatory activities. So far, there is no research work conducted on immunomodulatory effect of K. parviflora....
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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A bioinformatics-based investigation to screen and analyze the bioactivity of Piper longum Linn. compounds as a ground-breaking hostile to antidiabetic activity
Bikash Thakuria, Sorforaj Laskar, Samrat AdhikariPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):199-205 As of today, the utilization of herbal medicines has taken up the pace in treating diseases. This is due to the fact that they have lower risk of adverse reactions. Numerous plants are being used traditionally to treat various dreadful diseases including diabetes. Piper longum is one of the major and important medicinal plants in various systems of medicine, including the Ayurvedic system of medicine. Among...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Cytotoxic, α-glucosidase, and antioxidant activities of flavonoid glycosides isolated from flowers of Lotus lanuginosus Vent. (Fabaceae)
Mohamed Habib Oueslati, Jalloul Bouajila, Arbi Guetat, Fraj Al-Gamdi, Fayçal HichriPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):22-27 Background: Lotus taxa (Fabaceae) were well known as an important source of polyphenols and flavonoids. Lotus lanuginosus Vent. is a widespread plant in the northern region of Saudi Arabia. Phytochemical and biological activities screening focusing of the species are rare. Objective: The objectives of this study were to isolate secondary metabolites from the flowers of L....
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Effects of Anacyclus pyrethrum on affective behaviors and memory during withdrawal from cigarette smoke exposure in rats
Kenza Bezza, Jawad Laadraoui, Zineb El Gabbas, Mehdi Ait Laaradia, Sara Oufquir, Rachida Aboufatima, Issam Gharrassi, Abederrahman ChaitPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):123-132 Background: During smoking cessation, nicotine withdrawal is associated with many symptoms including cognitive impairment and depressed mood, which lower the desire to quit smoking and predicts smoking relapse. Thus, pharmacotherapies that improve cognitive functions during nicotine withdrawal would be paramount in developing...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Anticancer effects of piperine-free Piper nigrum extract on cholangiocarcinoma cell lines
Aman Tedasen, Araya Khoka, Siribhorn Madla, Somchai Sriwiriyajan, Potchanapond GraidistPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):28-38 Background: Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is widely used as a traditional medicine, including usage for pain relief, fevers, as well as an anticancer agent. Previously, we reported that piperine-free P. nigrum extract (PFPE) inhibited breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. Objective: In this present study, we explored the anticancer effects of PFPE on cholangiocarcinoma...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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A new stilbene derivative and isolated compounds from Bauhinia pottsii var. pottsii with their anti-alpha-glucosidase activity
Sathianpong Phoopha, Chatchai Wattanapiromsakul, Thanet Pitakbut, Sukanya Dej-AdisaiPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):161-167 Background: Natural products are becoming important alternative medicines for diabetes treatment. Many Bauhinia plants in Thailand have been used in Thai traditional medicines for diabetic patients. Bauhinia plants have been reported on anti-alpha-glucosidase activity. However, Bauhinia pottsii var. pottsii G. Don which is a local plant in Southern Thailand has not been...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Computer-aided Box–Behnken outlook towards optimization of extraction of lawsone from mehendi leaves
Lubna Abidin, Mohd Mujeeb, Mohd Aqil, Abul Kalam Najmi, Aftab AhmadPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):39-46 Background: Since ages lawsone, an orange-colored dye from leaves of Lawsonia inermis is being used by women for self-adornment and is also used in textile industries for dyeing reasons. Objective: Comparing traditional and modern extraction modes for extraction of lawsone from L. inermis leaves and simultaneous use of response surface methodology for optimizing its extraction procedure....
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Secondary metabolites and pesticide screening in organic and inorganic tomatoes by gas Chromatography–Mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
MS Shwetha, VR Sinija, M DurgadeviPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):187-192 Background: Tomato is considered as “protective foods” because of its special nutritive values which are very low in fat and have zero cholesterol level, with an excellent source of lycopene, carotene, anthocyanin, antioxidants, dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the occurrence of pesticides and to analyze the secondary metabolite differences in selected organic...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of Tinospora cordifolia aqueous extract and hypoglycemic drugs in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats
Amisha Vora, Alice Varghese, Yusuf Kachwala, Ankit P Laddha, Manju Bhaskar, Jamal Akhtar, Pawan YadavPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):47-56 Context: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers is an antidiabetic herb globally marketed as a single or polyherbal formulation. The pharmacological activities of T. cordifolia suggest its potential to be co-administered with commonly prescribed oral hypoglycemic drugs in the therapeutic management of diabetes mellitus. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Protective effect of Withania somnifera on nandrolone decanoate-induced biochemical alterations and hepatorenal toxicity in wistar rats
Smitha Syamala Vasavan, Vijayakumar Jagadesan, Senthilkumar Sivanesan, Vijayaraghavan RajagopalanPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):218-223 Background: Despite the beneficial effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids in the treatment of osteoporosis, hypogonadism, bone mineralization, and some muscle-wasting disorders, its misuse by athletes and non-athletes causes hepatorenal toxicity. Withania somnifera (WS) is a very important herb in Ayurveda and has adaptogenic, anticonvulsant, cytoprotective,...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Mahanimbine-induced neuroprotection via cholinergic system and attenuated amyloidogenesis as well as neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharides-induced mice
Nur Syamimi Mohd Azahan, Vasudevan Mani, Kalavathy Ramasamy, Siong Meng Lim, Richard Muhammad Johari James, Mansour Alsharidah, Ahmad Alhowail, Abu Bakar Abdul MajeedPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):57-63 Background: Murraya koenigii leaves are traditionally used in India and other South Asian countries as a spice in regular food dishes to improve taste and aroma. These leaves are known for the rich content of mahanimbine, a key carbazole alkaloid. Although there are numerous reports that support...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Sandalwood oil neuroprotective effects on middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic brain stroke
Nancy Safwat Younis, Maged Elsayed MohamedPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):117-122 Background: Cerebral injury is a common health crisis that may affect the patient lifestyle or cause death. Although many drugs involved in the treatment of such cases and relieving symptoms, there is no precise cure. Accordingly, the importance of protection against the insult could be understood, especially when natural products can be a part of the protective agent. Objectives: The target of the current study...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Rapid identification of the indigenous medicinal crop Cinnamomum osmophloeum from various adulterant Cinnamomum species by DNA polymorphism analysis
Bo-Cheng Yang, Meng-Shiunn Lee, Fang-Chun Sun, Heng-Hsiang Chao, Wen-Te Chang, Ming-Kuem Lin, Hsi-Jien Chen, Meng-Shiou LeePharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):64-68 Background: Cinnamomum osmophloeum (Co), a member of the Lauraceae, is an indigenous medicinal crop in Taiwan, and it contains higher cinnamaldehyde in essential oil than do other Cinnamomum species. Among these species, Cinnamomum burmannii (Cb) is frequently adulterated as Co because of their similar morphological characteristics or...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Amelioration of cognitive deficits by Spirulina platensis in L-methionine-induced rat model of vascular dementia
Pian Wang, Yan Wang, Qingbin Zhang, Hongbo Zhang, Zheng Li, Xiaoying Liu, Lavleen Kaur, Manish KumarPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):133-141 Background: Vascular dementia (VaD) is an age-associated highly prevalent brain disorder characterized by progressive cognitive insufficiency. Nutritional deprivation-associated rise in homocysteine (HCy), dyslipidemia, endothelial debility, and redox imbalance is a key facet of VaD. Spirulina platensis (spirulina) is a high-nutritional-value cyanobacterium...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Traditional use of ethnomedicinal plants among people of Kapurthala District, Punjab, India
Jaskirat Kaur, Rajinder Kaur, Avinash Kaur NagpalPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):69-80 Background: Plant-derived products have a vital biological role against various diseases. The present study was carried out to document and investigate the existing ethnomedicinal knowledge on local flora of Kapurthala district, Punjab, India. Materials and Methods: The ethnomedicinal investigation was carried out from March 2015 to October 2017. Key informants, rural as well as urban, i.e., herbal doctors,...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Gastric ulcer healing activity against acidified ethanol-induced gastric ulcer and gastroprotective mechanisms of Zingiber simaoense rhizome ethanol extract in rats
Chanyanuch Laprasert, Puongtip Kunanusorn, Ampai Panthong, Parirat Khonsung, Natthakarn Chiranthanut, Chaiyong RujjanawatePharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):152-160 Background: Zingiber simaoense Y. Y. Qian (Zingiberaceae) rhizomes have been widely used to alleviate gastric disorders in Thai traditional medicine. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the gastric ulcer healing activity of Z. simaoense rhizome ethanol extract (ZSE) against acidified ethanol-induced gastric ulcer and its possible...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Regulation of pro-inflammatory enzymes by the dragon fruits from Hylocereus undatus (Haworth) and squalene - its major volatile constituents
Ibrahim M S. Eldeen, Shin Y Foong, Noraznawati Ismail, Keng C WongPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):81-86 Background: Hylocereus undatus produces fruits known as dragon fruit (Pitaya). The fruit and other parts of Hylocereus species are used for the treatment of diuretic, gastritis, kidney problems, and wound healing. Objectives: To investigate anti-inflammatory properties of the flesh and peel of Pitaya and to identify the major bioactive constituent(s). Materials and Methods: The flesh and the...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Chronic khat (Catha edulis) chewing and genotoxicity: The role of antioxidant defense system and oxidative damage of DNA
Ashraf A Hassan, Yahya Hasan Hobani, Neji Mosbah, Saif Elden Abdalla, Mohammad Zaino, Syam Mohan, Maged El-SetouhyPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):168-173 Background: Khat chewing is culturally endemic in the Southern areas of Saudi Arabia. Many health-related issues such as the incidence of carcinogenicity and comorbidities associated with the chewing of khat have been reported earlier. Objectives: Mainly, the objective of the study was to assess the risk of genotoxicity caused due to oxidative...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Antiobesity effects of lycii fructus in high-fat diet/fructose-induced obese rats
Junchao Yuan, Runfen Du, Zhuang Kang, Ben Niu, Opeyemi Joshua Olatunji, Yan Wang, Heng SuPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):87-92 Background: The prevalence of obesity is increasing at an enormous rate among all age groups which makes it one of the foremost health problems. Objective: This study was aimed at investigating the effect of the ethyl acetate extract from Lycii fructus (ETLF) against high-fat diet (HFD)/fructose-induced obesity in rats. Materials and Methods: Obesity was induced in rats...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Tumor retardation and immunomodulatory potential of polyherbal formulation HC9 in mouse melanoma model
Snehal Suryavanshi, Kavita Shinde, Prerna Raina, Ruchika Kaul-GhanekarPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):181-186 Background: HC9, a polyherbal formulation, is based on Stanyashodhana Kashaya (an Ayurvedic formulation) that is being prescribed by Ayurvedic physicians for the treatment of various disorders of mammary glands. We have recently reported anticancer activity of HC9 in breast cancer cell lines through various molecular mechanisms. Few studies have shown an association between breast cancer...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Isolation and biological evaluation of some secondary metabolites from seeds of Silybum marianum
Muhammad Latif, Muhammad Ihtisham Umar, Asim Rahim, Shujaat Ali Khan, Nighat Fatima, Izhar Hussain, Abdul Mannan, Mohamed Khadeer Ahamed BasheerPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):93-98 Background: Despite the widespread ethnopharmacological use and significance of Silybum marianum (SM) seeds, most of its phytochemical and biological properties are still yet to be confirmed using validated scientific methods. Objectives: The current study was designed to investigate the phytochemical and biological...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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The toothache plant (Acmella oleracea) exhibits anthelmintic activity on both parasitic tapeworms and roundworms
PB Lalthanpuii, Zar Zokimi, Kholhring LalchhandamaPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):193-198 Background: Among its many uses, Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen as an anthelmintic agent for general intestinal helminthiasis is remarkable because of its indigenous usage in the Mizo traditional medicine. However, the rationale has not been established. Objectives: The objective of this study is to perform chemical analysis of the plant extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Response surface optimization of prodigiosin production by mutagen-treated Serratia marcescens in different growth media
Sumaira Gul, Muhammad Aslam Shad, Rubina Arshad, Haq Nawaz, Aleema Ali, Asma Altaf, Tehreem Gul, Wafa IqbalPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):99-107 Background: Prodigiosin is a bioactive bacterial pigment produced by Serratia marcescens and possesses anticancer, antibiotic, antifungal, antibacterial, and immunosuppressive activities without any toxic effects on human cells. Objectives: The study was planned to optimize the effect of ultravoilet (UV) light and acridine orange (AO), as mutagens...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Topical delivery of curcumin and caffeine mixture-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for effective treatment of psoriasis
Padmini Iriventi, N Vishal GuptaPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):206-217 Background: Curcumin (CUR) is a well-known herbal constituent used in treating psoriasis. However, combination of CUR with other anti-inflammatory drugs such as caffeine shows amplified antipsoriatic action compared to CUR alone. Objective: The objective of the present study was to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs)-based topical gels of CUR and caffeine combination for facilitated treatment of psoriasis. Materials...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Phenolic compounds of Heliotropium europaeum and their biological activities
Muneera S M. Al-Saleem, Lamya H Al-Wahaibi, Md Tabish Rehman, Mohamed F AlAjmi, Rawiyah A Alkahtani, Wael M Abdel-MageedPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):108-116 Background: Heliotropium europaeum L. is known to contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids and possesses a wide variety of biological activities. Objective: The objective of the study was to discover antioxidant phytochemical compounds in H. europaeum and assess their in vitro lipoxygenase (LOX)- and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Antioxidant activity and enhanced cytotoxicity of aqueous Mucuna pruriens L. leaf extract by doxorubicin on different human cancer cell lines
Vesna Tumbas-Šaponjac, Oke-Oghene Philomena Akpoveso, Oluwatosin Imoleayo Oyeniran, Jelena Desančić, Dragana Četojević-SiminPharmacognosy Magazine 2020 16(68):224-228 Background: Conventional cancer drugs have the disadvantage of severe side effects and resistance. Therefore, research targeted toward developing novel therapeutic strategies is needed. Mucuna pruriens (MP) leaf extracts have been suggested to be useful for the management of several diseases including cancer. Objective: The aim of...
Pharmacognosy Magazine : 2015 - 11(44)
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Frequency of Epstein–Barr virus and human papilloma virus in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Abstract Purpose Nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of malignancy originating from the epithelial cells lining the nasopharynx. In genetic and environmental factors, infection with Epstein–Barr virus is one of the particular factors held accountable for the etiopathogenesis. Human papillomavirus has been associated with cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the presence and incidence...
Latest Results for European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
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Transaxillary endoscopic thyroid lobectomy: gas insufflation versus gasless technique
Abstract Purpose The objective of this study is to compare the clinical outcomes between gas insufflation and gasless techniques used in transaxillary endoscopic thyroid lobectomy. Methods Data of patients who underwent transaxillary endoscopic thyroid lobectomy from June 2011 to August 2019 were reviewed. All surgeries were performed by one experienced surgeon....
Latest Results for European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
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Quitting smoking reverses nasal mucosal changes
Abstract Background Smoking, whether active or passive, has proven deleterious effects on the nasal mucosa. There is also a link between smoking and development and/or maintenance of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Reversal of smoking-induced mucosal changes after quitting smoking is still unconfirmed and controversial. The present study investigated the possibility of reversal of smoking-related nasal mucosal changes back to normal after...
Latest Results for European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
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Challenges with preoperative diagnosis of low/intermediate-grade carcinoma of the parotid gland: single-center study of 112 patients
Abstract Background The malignancy of parotid carcinoma varies, and accurate preoperative assessment of malignancy is important for selecting the appropriate treatment. However, the preoperative diagnosis of low/intermediate-grade carcinoma is difficult, and surgery may sometimes be performed without any prior knowledge of malignancy. Methods The results...
Latest Results for European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
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The first description of cholesteatoma by Hippocrate
Abstract Introduction Although otolaryngology became a subspecialty only since the middle of the nineteenth century, many diseases of ENT system, their clinical symptoms, universality and potential seriousness have been described since over 3000 years ago. Texts of the medical school of Cos and its founder Hippocrates (460–370 BC) collected in the Corpus Hippocraticum also contain multiple case reports and treatments for ear diseases....
Latest Results for European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
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Effect of mouth closure on upper airway obstruction in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea exhibiting mouth breathing: a drug-induced sleep endoscopy study
Abstract Purpose Snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) exhibit multifactorial aetiologies; mouth breathing increases airway obstruction and upper respiratory tract resistance. Of the many published studies, few have evaluated sleeping subjects. We explored how mouth breathing affected the upper respiratory tract anatomy and OSA during sleep. Methods ...
Latest Results for European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
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Sculpting the temporal bone: an easy reversible cochlear implant electro-array stabilization technique
Abstract Purpose Since the beginning of cochlear implant (CI) surgery, several techniques to fixate the electrode array at the cochleostomy and stabilize it have been described; however, most techniques use autologous tissues such as fascia, muscle, fat or fibrin glue. We describe a new surgical technique aimed to stabilize the electrode array of a CI without using autologous tissues or artificial materials. ...
Latest Results for European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
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CDK4/6 inhibitors in P16/HPV16-negative squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Abstract Purpose Addition of CDK4/6 inhibitors to a variety of established treatments in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) has the potential to improve responses to other therapies and may help overcome treatment resistance. The SCCHN is a heterogeneous group of cancers of the oral cavity, the pharynx and the larynx with poor prognosis despite the aggressive multimodal therapies. In the past decade, significant advances...
Latest Results for European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
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Analgesia for adenotonsillectomy in children: a comparison between peritonsillar infiltration of tramadol, ketamine, and placebo
Abstract Introduction Post-tonsillectomy pain is mediated by nociceptive C-fibers located at peritonsillar space. Peritonsillar infiltration of medication could relieve post-operative pain blocking the afferent via. Purpose To evaluate the effect of peritonsillar infiltration of tramadol, ketamine, and placebo on post-operative pain in cases of adenotonsillectomy....
Latest Results for European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
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